Here is a quick survey of what this may mean, which indicates that the Out of Africa theory may not have a clear, almost universally accepted, definition. A Google search for the words
"I'm pretty sure it's still "Out of Africa" but in multiple phases. First an early phase (Homo Erectus) which includes or became the Neanderthals, then a small trickling of early humans migrating toward Asia. Eventually some groups must have figured out that things float and could get to an island that they saw, I mean as kids we built little wooden boats, so an adult Homo Erectus could probably figure it out too. These early groups would differentiate into Denisovans, Neaderthals, and others. Once Homo Sapiens came about and migrated out of Africa there were already several groups living in various parts of the world."
From further comments:
"Also there is no intention to imply that humanity was ever restricted to Africa as it's defined on a geopolitical level today. "Africa" in the broad sense that we're talking about can include nearby parts of Europe and Asia. There was no border fence stopping people from coming and going. There are very old fossils in Greece (Apadima skull fragment circa 210k years ago), Israel (Misliya jawbone circa 180k years ago), Saudi Arabia (Al Wusta finger bones circa 85k years ago), and Spain (Banyoles mandible circa 50k years ago) that may represent an early presence of modern humans. But it was a while before people started migrating out of Africa on a larger scale and further away."
"There's also been some older than expected remains found in Asia and the Middle East. It's looking now like Homo sapiens may have had an earlier out of Africa migration that didn't spread very much/may have gone regionally extinct before the big migration happened several tens of thousands/up to 100,000 years later.
"This complicates matters, because just a slight twist of the evidence can be used to support the idea that Homo sapiens evolved in Asia or the Middle East and spread from there, including back into Africa."
". . . multi-regional never made much sense from a genetic standpoint. If you start with scattered Homo Erectus populations, there is no way that they would all evolve to the same Homo Sapiens with the same genetics. Humans are all very, very similar at a genetic level. We see difference in phenotypes but those are really minor surface (literally) variants. The genetics tell a story of close relations."
There is also mention of this challenge to the conventional OoA theory being promoted by people who argue for superiority of European races.
"That doesn't contradict the out of Africa theory though. The current theory suggests that earlier species of hominid, likely homo erectus, migrated out of africa into Europe and Asia. These different groups, including the groups in East Africa, then evolved mostly independently for a good while. Europe West Asian populations eventually became neanderthals, east Asian maybe Denisovians, maybe others even too. The population in East Africa became homo sapiens. Homo sapiens then eventually spread out of Africa themselves and intermixed and outcompeted these other hominids."
"No modern HSS [Homo sapiens sapiens] stepped foot outside of Africa. Modern HSS migrated back into Africa and wiped out the remaining homo erectus population that had no need for evolution. Modern man HSS evolved from species in Europe and Asia. Neanderthal and Cromagnon pretty much prove this. No Neanderthal or Cromagnon have been found in Africa. No Modern HSS dating back to the lineage split have been found in Africa. Older fossils of proto sapiens have been found all over the world, not in Africa. There was a migration back into Africa that wiped out the native hominid species."
"Apparently, where the other species' DNA turns up is not always where you'd expect, for instance Neanderthal DNA doesn't only show up in Europeans, there's even parts of Africa where it turns up although it's rarer, and the Denisovan DNA turns up in a really weird selection of places that are a long way away from each other."
Interesting to speculate on the rate of human evolution going forward.
Also, an unrelated question: if farming is a key marker here, how come the speed up occurred first in Africa? Or is that just an artifact of the data used?
It seems modern culture prefers involution, men becoming monkeys. There are those who seek that outcome. Shift your gaze to the stars and they will instantly hate you and eventually murder you.
Presumably the Amsterdam group didn't want to uncover unhelpful findings about Africans vs Europeans.
Excellent article Peter. Which extant groups are missing from the HapMap data set, pygmies and bushmen?
These researchers ignore the growing body of evidence that contradicts the Out of Africa theory.
Could you elaborate?
—NC
I'm not sure what you mean. The author uses the term Out of Africa numerous times. Here is one example.
"Moreover, these authors did not look for different geographic trajectories after the Out of Africa event."
If you are not aware of the contradictions to the Out of Africa theory, Google or YouTube 'Contradictions to the Out of Africa theory.'
Here is a quick survey of what this may mean, which indicates that the Out of Africa theory may not have a clear, almost universally accepted, definition. A Google search for the words
Contradictions to the Out of Africa theory
lead me to https://www.reddit.com/r/evolution/comments/1p2jy8h/why_do_so_many_people_claim_that_the_out_of/ in which Buckwheat469 attempts a summary:
"I'm pretty sure it's still "Out of Africa" but in multiple phases. First an early phase (Homo Erectus) which includes or became the Neanderthals, then a small trickling of early humans migrating toward Asia. Eventually some groups must have figured out that things float and could get to an island that they saw, I mean as kids we built little wooden boats, so an adult Homo Erectus could probably figure it out too. These early groups would differentiate into Denisovans, Neaderthals, and others. Once Homo Sapiens came about and migrated out of Africa there were already several groups living in various parts of the world."
From further comments:
"Also there is no intention to imply that humanity was ever restricted to Africa as it's defined on a geopolitical level today. "Africa" in the broad sense that we're talking about can include nearby parts of Europe and Asia. There was no border fence stopping people from coming and going. There are very old fossils in Greece (Apadima skull fragment circa 210k years ago), Israel (Misliya jawbone circa 180k years ago), Saudi Arabia (Al Wusta finger bones circa 85k years ago), and Spain (Banyoles mandible circa 50k years ago) that may represent an early presence of modern humans. But it was a while before people started migrating out of Africa on a larger scale and further away."
"There's also been some older than expected remains found in Asia and the Middle East. It's looking now like Homo sapiens may have had an earlier out of Africa migration that didn't spread very much/may have gone regionally extinct before the big migration happened several tens of thousands/up to 100,000 years later.
"This complicates matters, because just a slight twist of the evidence can be used to support the idea that Homo sapiens evolved in Asia or the Middle East and spread from there, including back into Africa."
". . . multi-regional never made much sense from a genetic standpoint. If you start with scattered Homo Erectus populations, there is no way that they would all evolve to the same Homo Sapiens with the same genetics. Humans are all very, very similar at a genetic level. We see difference in phenotypes but those are really minor surface (literally) variants. The genetics tell a story of close relations."
There is also mention of this challenge to the conventional OoA theory being promoted by people who argue for superiority of European races.
From comments at: https://www.reddit.com/r/AlternativeHistory/comments/1bwr9bj/out_of_africa_theory_debunked_homosapiens_are_a/:
"That doesn't contradict the out of Africa theory though. The current theory suggests that earlier species of hominid, likely homo erectus, migrated out of africa into Europe and Asia. These different groups, including the groups in East Africa, then evolved mostly independently for a good while. Europe West Asian populations eventually became neanderthals, east Asian maybe Denisovians, maybe others even too. The population in East Africa became homo sapiens. Homo sapiens then eventually spread out of Africa themselves and intermixed and outcompeted these other hominids."
"No modern HSS [Homo sapiens sapiens] stepped foot outside of Africa. Modern HSS migrated back into Africa and wiped out the remaining homo erectus population that had no need for evolution. Modern man HSS evolved from species in Europe and Asia. Neanderthal and Cromagnon pretty much prove this. No Neanderthal or Cromagnon have been found in Africa. No Modern HSS dating back to the lineage split have been found in Africa. Older fossils of proto sapiens have been found all over the world, not in Africa. There was a migration back into Africa that wiped out the native hominid species."
"Apparently, where the other species' DNA turns up is not always where you'd expect, for instance Neanderthal DNA doesn't only show up in Europeans, there's even parts of Africa where it turns up although it's rarer, and the Denisovan DNA turns up in a really weird selection of places that are a long way away from each other."
"There is also mention of this challenge to the conventional OoA theory being promoted by people who argue for superiority of European races."
My point is that Out of Africa has become a political/ideological term, used by those who contend that race does not exist.
I believe that the origins of humans are more complicated than 'The first humans evolved in Africa and migrated north.'
Here is an example that illustrates the complexity of determining human evolution.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v9c-ahelJiU
Interesting to speculate on the rate of human evolution going forward.
Also, an unrelated question: if farming is a key marker here, how come the speed up occurred first in Africa? Or is that just an artifact of the data used?
It seems modern culture prefers involution, men becoming monkeys. There are those who seek that outcome. Shift your gaze to the stars and they will instantly hate you and eventually murder you.
And steal your property.
I argue essentially the same in my last post. Very good article.
Any math to support these assertions? Perhaps read Probability Zero by Vox Day to understand the improbability of “accelerated evolution”.
Veteran here; What if war doesn’t evolve like other adaptive behaviors but instead resembles more ; Introgression?
Hybridization from contact then mating back to parent species?
Our parent society our parent species.
Metaphor, I think.